Causes of cell injuries and cell death
Etiology is the study of cause of disease. It gives precise causal diagnosis of any disease. Broadly, the cause of diseases can be divided into two:
a. Intrinsic causes b. Extrinsic causes
Cell death; Necrosis and apoptosis
Cell death, the ultimate result of cell injury, is one of the most important events in pathology, affects every type of cell, and is the main result of ischemia (lack of blood flow), infections, toxins, and immune reactions. There are two main patterns of cell death: necrosis and apoptosis.
Introduction to Pathology and related terminologies
Pathology is the study of the anatomical, chemical and physiological alterations from normal as a result of disease in animals. It is a key subject because it forms a vital bridge between preclinical sciences (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry) and clinical branches of medicine and surgery. Pathology is derived from the Greek word pathos = disease, logos= study. It has many branches.
Antiprotozoal drugs
Benzimidazoles bind to β-tubulin within a variety of helminths and protozoa. This leads to inhibition of tubulin polymerization and the formation of microtubules, with impaired cell division.
Bacteria, General morphology, and structural components
Prokaryotic cells almost always are bounded by a fairly rigid and chemically complex structure present between the cell membrane and capsule/slime layer called the cell wall.
The shape of bacteria (Coccus, Bacillus, Spirochete, Actinomycetes)
Depending upon the shape, bacteria are classified into several types.
Holstein Friesian cattle origin, characteristics & uses
The Holstein Friesian cattle is a breed of dairy cattle originating from the Dutch provinces of North Holland and Friesland. They are known as the world’s highest-production dairy animals.
Jersey cattle origin, characteristics & uses
The Jersey cattle are relatively a small breed of dairy cattle that are raised primarily for milk production. It is originally bred in the Channel Island of Jersey. Jerseys are one of the oldest breeds of cattle.